An Introduction of ‘Geospatial Techniques’

class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide

.title[
# An Introduction of<br />‘Geospatial Techniques’
]
.subtitle[
## 🗺️ <br/>Lecture 01 - Course Handout
]
.author[
### <strong>Dr. Ankit Deshmukh</strong>
]
.institute[
### Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar
]
.date[
### Week01: 25-27 July 2022
]

---

class: center middle inverse

<div>
<style type="text/css">.xaringan-extra-logo {
width: 60px;
height: 60px;
z-index: 0;
background-image: url(./css/Blog-Logo.png);
background-size: contain;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
position: absolute;
top:1em;right:1em;
}
</style>
<script>(function () {
  let tries = 0
  function addLogo () {
    if (typeof slideshow === 'undefined') {
      tries += 1
      if (tries < 10) {
        setTimeout(addLogo, 100)
      }
    } else {
      document.querySelectorAll('.remark-slide-content:not(.title-slide):not(.inverse):not(.hide_logo)')
        .forEach(function (slide) {
          const logo = document.createElement('a')
          logo.classList = 'xaringan-extra-logo'
          logo.href = 'https://www.ankitdeshmukh.com/'
          slide.appendChild(logo)
        })
    }
  }
  document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', addLogo)
})()</script>
</div><style>.xe__progress-bar__container {
  top:0;
  opacity: 1;
  position:absolute;
  right:0;
  left: 0;
}
.xe__progress-bar {
  height: 0.25em;
  background-color: #282828;
  width: calc(var(--slide-current) / var(--slide-total) * 100%);
}
.remark-visible .xe__progress-bar {
  animation: xe__progress-bar__wipe 200ms forwards;
  animation-timing-function: cubic-bezier(.86,0,.07,1);
}
@keyframes xe__progress-bar__wipe {
  0% { width: calc(var(--slide-previous) / var(--slide-total) * 100%); }
  100% { width: calc(var(--slide-current) / var(--slide-total) * 100%); }
}</style>

# .white[“How did it get so late so soon?” <br /> .f3[~ Dr. Seuss ~]]

---
# Welcome to Geospatial Techniques (20CV214T)
.f3.purple[Hi, I am .b[Dr. Ankit Deshmukh!]]

- Specialized in Hydrology and water resource engineering.

- My PhD in “Vulnerability estimation of catchment to climate change” from IIT Hyderabad.

- Interests: Data analysis, hydrology, climate change, creative, coding, and music.

- Languages: R, Python, MatLab. (also English & Hindi)

--
<br /> <br /> 
<div class="boxed" style="--width-var: 600px;">
.b.center[Contact]
.b[Email:] ankit.deshmukh@sot.pdpu.ac.in <br /> 
.b[Office:] D-Block Cubical C-8 (in Office hours.)
</div>

.footnote[
[<svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#BB738A;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M352 256C352 278.2 350.8 299.6 348.7 320H163.3C161.2 299.6 159.1 278.2 159.1 256C159.1 233.8 161.2 212.4 163.3 192H348.7C350.8 212.4 352 233.8 352 256zM503.9 192C509.2 212.5 512 233.9 512 256C512 278.1 509.2 299.5 503.9 320H380.8C382.9 299.4 384 277.1 384 256C384 234 382.9 212.6 380.8 192H503.9zM493.4 160H376.7C366.7 96.14 346.9 42.62 321.4 8.442C399.8 29.09 463.4 85.94 493.4 160zM344.3 160H167.7C173.8 123.6 183.2 91.38 194.7 65.35C205.2 41.74 216.9 24.61 228.2 13.81C239.4 3.178 248.7 0 256 0C263.3 0 272.6 3.178 283.8 13.81C295.1 24.61 306.8 41.74 317.3 65.35C328.8 91.38 338.2 123.6 344.3 160H344.3zM18.61 160C48.59 85.94 112.2 29.09 190.6 8.442C165.1 42.62 145.3 96.14 135.3 160H18.61zM131.2 192C129.1 212.6 127.1 234 127.1 256C127.1 277.1 129.1 299.4 131.2 320H8.065C2.8 299.5 0 278.1 0 256C0 233.9 2.8 212.5 8.065 192H131.2zM194.7 446.6C183.2 420.6 173.8 388.4 167.7 352H344.3C338.2 388.4 328.8 420.6 317.3 446.6C306.8 470.3 295.1 487.4 283.8 498.2C272.6 508.8 263.3 512 255.1 512C248.7 512 239.4 508.8 228.2 498.2C216.9 487.4 205.2 470.3 194.7 446.6H194.7zM190.6 503.6C112.2 482.9 48.59 426.1 18.61 352H135.3C145.3 415.9 165.1 469.4 190.6 503.6V503.6zM321.4 503.6C346.9 469.4 366.7 415.9 376.7 352H493.4C463.4 426.1 399.8 482.9 321.4 503.6V503.6z"/></svg> ankitdeshmukh.com](www.ankitdeshmukh.com) | 
[<svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#3687F1;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M459.4 151.7c.325 4.548 .325 9.097 .325 13.65 0 138.7-105.6 298.6-298.6 298.6-59.45 0-114.7-17.22-161.1-47.11 8.447 .974 16.57 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.06 0 94.21-16.57 130.3-44.83-46.13-.975-84.79-31.19-98.11-72.77 6.498 .974 12.99 1.624 19.82 1.624 9.421 0 18.84-1.3 27.61-3.573-48.08-9.747-84.14-51.98-84.14-102.1v-1.299c13.97 7.797 30.21 12.67 47.43 13.32-28.26-18.84-46.78-51.01-46.78-87.39 0-19.49 5.197-37.36 14.29-52.95 51.65 63.67 129.3 105.3 216.4 109.8-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.92-2.599-24.04 0-57.83 46.78-104.9 104.9-104.9 30.21 0 57.5 12.67 76.67 33.14 23.72-4.548 46.46-13.32 66.6-25.34-7.798 24.37-24.37 44.83-46.13 57.83 21.12-2.273 41.58-8.122 60.43-16.24-14.29 20.79-32.16 39.31-52.63 54.25z"/></svg> anix7n](https://twitter.com/anix7n) | 
[<svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#6476C0;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M416 32H31.9C14.3 32 0 46.5 0 64.3v383.4C0 465.5 14.3 480 31.9 480H416c17.6 0 32-14.5 32-32.3V64.3c0-17.8-14.4-32.3-32-32.3zM135.4 416H69V202.2h66.5V416zm-33.2-243c-21.3 0-38.5-17.3-38.5-38.5S80.9 96 102.2 96c21.2 0 38.5 17.3 38.5 38.5 0 21.3-17.2 38.5-38.5 38.5zm282.1 243h-66.4V312c0-24.8-.5-56.7-34.5-56.7-34.6 0-39.9 27-39.9 54.9V416h-66.4V202.2h63.7v29.2h.9c8.9-16.8 30.6-34.5 62.9-34.5 67.2 0 79.7 44.3 79.7 101.9V416z"/></svg> anixn](https://www.linkedin.com/in/anixn/)
]

---
# Timetable

**Office Hours:** Thursday and Friday at 12:00 to 13:00.

---
# Academic calendar 2022-23 (Even semester)
<img src="images/Acad Calendar.png" width="50%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

---
# Outcome Based Education

.pull-left[
### 12-POs & 3-PSOs
1. Engineering knowledge.
2. Problem analysis.
3. Development of solutions.
4. Investigations of complex problems.
5. Modern tool usage.
6. The engineer and society.
7. Environment and sustainability.
8. Ethics.
9. Individual and team work.
10. Communication.
11. Project management and finance.
12. Life-long learning.
- PSO 1: Understanding. 
- PSO 2: Broadness and Diversity
- PSO 3: Self-learning & Service
]
.pull-right[
### 6-COURSE OUTCOMES
On completion of the course, student will be able to

**CO1** – .b.red[Understand] the basic concept of Remote Sensing and GIS techniques

**CO2** – .b.red[Classify] the advance instrument techniques (GPS and UAV) in surveying

**CO3** – .b.red[Analyse] a data using a spatial analysis techniques

**CO4** – .b.red[Illustrate] the application of RS and GIS in decision making activities

**CO5** – .b.red[Appraise] the use of advance software techniques for map making activities.

**CO6** – .b.red[Create] an art of map making activities
]

---

# Teaching Scheme & Objectives

**Course Objective:**
- To understand the fundamental of RS and Image processing.

- To understand the fundamentals of GIS and Processes.

- To understand the utilization of GPS and UAV for engineering mapping

- To learn the complex engineering application using Geospatial Techniques

---
# Syllabus .f2.light-red[| 52 Hour]

#### UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION (07 Hours)
Introduction to remote sensing, Geographical information systems, and global positioning systems, Applications of remote sensing, GIS, GPS, and UAV techniques.

#### UNIT-2 REMOTE SENSING (15 Hours)
Fundamentals of remote sensing, Energy interactions, Fundamentals of interpretation, Elements of air photo interpretation, Interpretation keys, Different types of sensors, Platforms and remote sensing images, Digital Image processing: Characteristics of a digital image, Image enhancement, Contrast manipulation, Image registration, Digital image interpretation techniques. 
#### UNIT-3 GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (15 Hours)
Georeferenced data, Data input & output, Data quality and management, GIS analysis functions,  Implementation of GIS, Airborne Laser Thematic Mapper (ALTM) LIDAR, Principles and methods of data collection, Digital Elevation Models, GPS and UAV: Earth Surface, datum, Co-ordinate systems, Segments of GPS System, GPS receivers and its components, Different methods of observation, Type of UAV, UAV components; Application of UAV.
#### UNIT-4 ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS (15 Hours)
Landuse and Landcover mapping, resources mapping, Utility mapping, Urban and regional planning and environmental and other engineering applications.

---
# Text/Reference books

1. Remote sensing and image interpretation by Thomas M. Lillesand, Ralph W. Kiefer
2. Advances in land remote sensing system, Modelling, Inversion and application by Shunlin Liang
3. Haywood L, Cornelius S and S Carver (1988) An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems, Addison Wiley Longmont, New York.
4. Burgh PA (1986) Principles of geographical Information System for Land Resources Assessment, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
5. Burrough PA, McDonnell PA (2000) Principles of Geographical Information systems, London: Oxford University Press.
6. LoCP, Young KW Albert (2002) Concepts And Techniques of Geographic Information Systems, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt ltd, New Delhi.

---
# Is Greenland larger than Australia?

.footnote[Image source: http://getwallpapers.com/]

---
# Is Greenland larger than Australia?

.pull-left[
<img src="Images/G-A.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

--
.pull-right[
.f2[Considering the land area, Australia (7,741,220 km<sup>2</sup>) is **almost four times** bigger than Greenland (2,166,086 <sup>2</sup>).]
]

.footnote[Source: https://www.wikipedia.org/]

---
# Importance of maps

<div id="htmlwidget-9cdbf2173a6eecc34c47" style="width:1116px;height:504px;" class="leaflet html-widget"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-9cdbf2173a6eecc34c47">{"x":{"options":{"crs":{"crsClass":"L.CRS.EPSG3857","code":null,"proj4def":null,"projectedBounds":null,"options":{}}},"calls":[{"method":"addTiles","args":["https://{s}.tile.openstreetmap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png",null,null,{"minZoom":0,"maxZoom":18,"tileSize":256,"subdomains":"abc","errorTileUrl":"","tms":false,"noWrap":false,"zoomOffset":0,"zoomReverse":false,"opacity":1,"zIndex":1,"detectRetina":false,"attribution":"© <a href=\"https://openstreetmap.org\">OpenStreetMap<\/a> contributors, <a href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/\">CC-BY-SA<\/a>"}]},{"method":"addMarkers","args":[23.15462,72.66689,null,null,null,{"interactive":true,"draggable":false,"keyboard":true,"title":"","alt":"","zIndexOffset":0,"opacity":1,"riseOnHover":false,"riseOffset":250},"Welcome to PDEU!",null,null,null,null,{"interactive":false,"permanent":false,"direction":"auto","opacity":1,"offset":[0,0],"textsize":"10px","textOnly":false,"className":"","sticky":true},null]}],"setView":[[23.154,72.666],15,[]],"limits":{"lat":[23.15462,23.15462],"lng":[72.66689,72.66689]}},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>

---
# Map helps us to identify the relative position of different features.

<div class="figure" style="text-align: center">
<img src="images/OldMap.jpg" alt="Frederik De Wit’s 1654 Dutch Sea Atlas. Image courtesy of the Harvard Map Collection" width="550" />
<p class="caption">Frederik De Wit’s 1654 Dutch Sea Atlas. Image courtesy of the Harvard Map Collection</p>
</div>

.light-red[.f4[To identify features we need a suitable *co-ordinate reference system (CRS)*]]

---
# Shape of the earth is not a perfect sphere!
<img src="images/Geoid.gif" width="55%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
--
It's a .b[.red[Geoid]], this is defined as the equipotential surface that most closely corresponds to mean sea level (pear-shaped).

---
# An approximate shape of the earth

- A Reference Ellipsoid is a mathematically defined surface that approximates the Geoid. 
- The most popular reference ellipsoid is **WGS 1984**.

.footnote[Source: https://kartoweb.itc.nl/]

---
# Projections are used to transform 3D spherical surface to 2D on a plane

It is impossible to represent a 3D object on a single 2D map without losing information.

---
# Which map is correct?

.footnote[Source: https://knowwhereconsulting.co.uk/  ]

---
# Introduction - RS, GIS, and GPS

.pull-left[

<br /> <br /> 
<div id="htmlwidget-016d3140a9a484a3e567" style="width:100%;height:10%;" class="DiagrammeR html-widget"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-016d3140a9a484a3e567">{"x":{"diagram":"\ngraph LR\n  A(Remote Sensing) --> D(Geospatial <br /> Techniques)\n  B(Geographical <br /> information systems) --> D\n  C(Global<br /> Positioning System) --> D\n  D --> E(Applications)\n  style A fill:#AFE9AD;\n  style D fill:#FFD740;\n  "},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
]

.pull-right[

**Remote sensing: ** The process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance [Source: USGS](https://www.usgs.gov/).

**A Geographic Information System (GIS):** A computer system that analyzes and displays geographically referenced information. It uses data that is attached to a unique location [Source: USGS](https://www.usgs.gov/).

**The Global Positioning System (GPS):** A space-based radionavigation system, owned by the U.S. Government and operated by the United States Air Force (USAF) [Source: www.nasa.gov](https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/communications/policy/what_is_gps).

]

---
# Applications of Geospatial Analysis/GIS

.pull-left[
1. Agriculture
  - Drought
  - Pest control
  - Land and Soil analysis
  - Planning of future food demand
  
2. Urban and Town Planning.
3. Oil Spill
4. Disaster Management
5. Mapping and Navigation
  - Google Maps
  - Open street maps [OSM]
6.  Deforestation and Vegetation Management
]

.pull-right[
<img src="images/GS-App.png" width="70%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

.footnote[Image Source: i0.wp.com & esri.com]

---
# Deforestation assessment
<img src="images/Deforestation.gif" width="80%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

Satellite imagery from Google Earth Engine’s Timelapse platform shows deforestation progressing on the Brazilian side of Brazil/Bolivia border from 1984 to 2016.

---
# Land cover change - Urbanization

In the last two decades, India has urbanized at an unprecedented rate. This image shows the growth of Bangalore between 1990 and 2015.

---
class: inverse middle center

# .gold[Thank you!<br />Questions?]